In an era where cyber threats are evolving at an alarming pace, the maritime industry faces unique challenges that demand immediate attention. From untargeted malware attacks to sophisticated, targeted breaches, vessels and their systems are increasingly at risk. In my latest article, I explore a comprehensive approach to maritime cyber risk management, covering everything from identifying threats and vulnerabilities to implementing robust protection, detection, and recovery measures.
Whether you’re a maritime professional or simply curious about how the industry is navigating these digital waters, this piece sheds light on the critical steps needed to safeguard operations and comply with IMO regulations. Dive in to learn how we can collectively build a more resilient maritime future.
Identify threats
First and foremost, it’s crucial to identify potential threats. Broadly speaking, these threats fall into two categories: untargeted and targeted attacks.
So, what distinguishes the two?
Untargeted attacks are indiscriminate, casting a wide net to exploit vulnerabilities across numerous potential targets. These are often facilitated by tools readily available online, which can uncover and leverage common security gaps in a company’s infrastructure or aboard its vessels. Examples include various forms of malicious malware, such as trojans, spyware, and viruses and the increasingly prevalent ransomware attacks, which encrypt data and demand payment for its release.
In contrast, targeted attacks are more calculated and sophisticated, employing specialised tools and techniques to single out a specific company or vessel. These may involve social engineering tactics, where attackers manipulate employees into divulging security information. Phishing, smishing, and vishing are also common, where deceptive communications solicit sensitive information, often leading to malware infections. Supply chain interference is another targeted strategy, disrupting service delivery and operations.
When assessing threats, it’s imperative to consider the actors behind them. These can range from financially motivated criminals and organised crime groups to activists seeking media attention, opportunists, and even accidental actors, individuals who, through negligence or ignorance, inadvertently cause harm, such as introducing infected USB devices into onboard systems.
Training and awareness are foundational to an effective cyber risk management strategy. Many risks can be mitigated through robust onboarding processes and comprehensive training, minimising the likelihood of unintentional damage.
Identify vulnerabilities
Once threats are identified, they must be weighed against known vulnerabilities to gauge the likelihood of an attack.
Common vulnerabilities on vessels include outdated antivirus software, unsupported operating systems, lax security configurations, and the use of default passwords. Perhaps most critical is the presence of inadequately trained staff who may be ill-equipped to manage cyber risks.
A thorough risk assessment can document these vulnerabilities, providing insight into the potential consequences of a cyber attack and the current limitations of protective measures in place. This assessment should highlight vulnerable systems, such as navigational instruments, propulsion and power control systems, communication networks, and public-facing passenger networks that are essential for daily operations.
An often-overlooked vulnerability is the physical access to ships by technicians, vendors, port officials, and pilots, who may connect external devices with the potential to introduce security threats.
Develop protection measures
To safeguard systems and data, it’s essential to implement multiple layers of protection. These measures should be designed to detect cyber incidents promptly, leveraging resources to maintain the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data across all IT and OT systems.
Protection measures should extend beyond technical solutions like firewalls to include physical security in line with the ship’s security plan, intrusion detection, access controls, and fostering a security conscious culture among employees. Such comprehensive policies and procedures ensure that cyber security is integrated into the broader safety and security risk management framework, enhancing resilience against cyber incidents.
Develop detection measures
Despite robust prevention measures, the ability to detect intrusions or infections remains critical. Technologies such as Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) and Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) should be considered for their capabilities to log, report, and block malicious activities. Additionally, scanning software can proactively identify and neutralise malware threats.
However, these detection systems require regular maintenance and oversight. It is vital to have dedicated personnel with clear roles and responsibilities who can effectively manage these threats and demonstrate accountability.
Respond and recover
In the event of a cyber attack, a well-structured response plan is indispensable for any maritime company. This plan should encompass four key phases: preparation, detection, containment and eradication, and post-incident recovery.
Preparation involves identifying and prioritising critical vessel components, regular data backups, pinpointing potential points of failure, and routinely exercising the response plan to ensure crew and personnel are adept at communicating and managing discovered attacks.
During the detection phase, the response team must ascertain the nature of the incident, the systems impacted, the scope of the breach, and whether any threats persist.
Containment requires swift action to mitigate the attack’s impact, such as isolating affected devices, verifying firewall integrity, updating malware and antivirus software, and preserving evidence through disk imaging and memory dumps.
Finally, recovery is about resuming operations as quickly as possible while thoroughly investigating the attack to prevent future occurrences. This investigation may benefit from external expertise and is crucial in fortifying defences against similar threats.
Steering towards a cyber-resilient future
As the maritime industry continues to embrace digital transformation, the importance of proactive cyber risk management cannot be overstated. By identifying threats, addressing vulnerabilities, and implementing robust protection, detection, and recovery measures, maritime stakeholders can safeguard their operations and ensure compliance with evolving regulations. Cyber security is not just a technical challenge, it’s a shared responsibility that requires collaboration, vigilance, and a commitment to continuous improvement. The seas may be vast and unpredictable, but with the right strategies in place, the maritime industry can navigate the digital age with confidence and resilience.
Certify your vessel
IASME’s Maritime Cyber Baseline is a practical and affordable certification scheme designed to help maritime organisations improve their cyber security posture. Supported by the Royal Institution of Naval Architects, the scheme aligns with the IMO’s guidelines and provides a clear pathway to compliance. Certification demonstrates to your supply chain partners, passengers, and flag and port authorities that your vessel has suitable cyber security controls and processes in place to reduce the risk of a cyber attack occurring.
The scheme is accessible to vessels of all sizes and classifications, from large tankers to small fishing vessels, and offers two levels of assurance: Level One (Verified Assessment) and Level Two (Audited).
To find out more about the Maritime Cyber Baseline scheme, contact scheme manager, Craig Wooldridge at [email protected]